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engineer tape

  • 1 колючая лента

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > колючая лента

  • 2 Poniatoff, Alexander Mathew

    [br]
    b. 25 March 1892 Kazan District, Russia
    d. 24 October 1980
    [br]
    Russian (naturalized American in 1932) electrical engineer responsible for the development of the professional tape recorder and the first commercially-successful video tape recorder (VTR).
    [br]
    Poniatoff was educated at the University of Kazan, the Imperial College in Moscow, and the Technische Hochschule in Karlsruhe, gaining degrees in mechanical and electrical engineering. He was in Germany when the First World War broke out, but he managed to escape back to Russia, where he served as an Air Force pilot with the Imperial Russian Navy. During the Russian Revolution he was a pilot with the White Russian Forces, and escaped into China in 1920; there he found work as an assistant engineer in the Shanghai Power Company. In 1927 he immigrated to the USA, becoming a US citizen in 1932. He obtained a post in the research and development department of the General Electric Company in Schenectady, New York, and later at Dalmo Victor, San Carlos, California. During the Second World War he was involved in the development of airborne radar for the US Navy.
    In 1944, taking his initials to form the title, Poniatoff founded the AMPEX Corporation to manufacture components for the airborne radar developed at General Electric, but in 1946 he turned to the production of audio tape recorders developed from the German wartime Telefunken Magnetophon machine (the first tape recorder in the truest sense). In this he was supported by the entertainer Bing Crosby, who needed high-quality replay facilities for broadcasting purposes, and in 1947 he was able to offer a professional-quality product and the business prospered.
    With the rapid post-war boom in television broadcasting in the USA, a need soon arose for a video recorder to provide "time-shifting" of live TV programmes between the different US time zones. Many companies therefore endeavoured to produce a video tape recorder (VTR) using the same single-track, fixed-head, longitudinal-scan system used for audio, but the very much higher bandwidth required involved an unacceptably high tape-speed. AMPEX attempted to solve the problem by using twelve parallel tracks and a machine was demonstrated in 1952, but it proved unsatisfactory.
    The development team, which included Charles Ginsburg and Ray Dolby, then devised a four-head transverse-scan system in which a quadruplex head rotating at 14,400 rpm was made to scan across the width of a 2 in. (5 cm) tape with a tape-to-head speed of the order of 160 ft/sec (about 110 mph; 49 m/sec or 176 km/h) but with a longitudinal tape speed of only 15 in./sec (0.38 m/sec). In this way, acceptable picture quality was obtained with an acceptable tape consumption. Following a public demonstration on 14 April 1956, commercial produc-tion of studio-quality machines began to revolutionize the production and distribution of TV programmes, and the perfecting of time-base correctors which could stabilize the signal timing to a few nanoseconds made colour VTRs a practical proposition. However, AMPEX did not rest on its laurels and in the face of emerging competition from helical scan machines, where the tracks are laid diagonally on the tape, the company was able to demonstrate its own helical machine in 1957. Another development was the Videofile system, in which 250,000 pages of facsimile could be recorded on a single tape, offering a new means of archiving information. By 1986, quadruplex VTRs were obsolete, but Poniatoff's role in making television recording possible deserves a place in history.
    Poniatoff was President of AMPEX Corporation until 1955 and then became Chairman of the Board, a position he held until 1970.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    A.Abrahamson, 1953, "A short history of television recording", Part I, JSMPTE 64:73; 1973, Part II, Journal of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers, 82:188 (provides a fuller background).
    Audio Biographies, 1961, ed. G.A.Briggs, Wharfedale Wireless Works, pp. 255–61 (contains a few personal details about Poniatoff's escape from Germany to join the Russian Navy).
    E.Larsen, 1971, A History of Invention.
    Charles Ginsburg, 1981, "The horse or the cowboy. Getting television on tape", Journal of the Royal Television Society 18:11 (a brief account of the AMPEX VTR story).
    KF / GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Poniatoff, Alexander Mathew

  • 3 einfädeln

    (trennb., hat -ge-)
    I v/t
    1. (Nadel, Faden, Film etc.) thread (in + Akk into)
    2. fig. geschickt: arrange, fix up, engineer; (tun) go about s.th. oder (+ Ger.) alles geschickt einfädeln set things up well
    II v/refl MOT. merge, filter in; sich links / rechts einfädeln filter (Am. merge) left / right
    III v/i Skislalom: straddle a gate
    * * *
    to thread
    * * *
    ein|fä|deln sep
    1. vt
    1) Nadel, Faden to thread (
    in +acc through); Nähmaschine to thread up; Film to thread
    2) (inf) Intrige, Plan etc to set up (inf)
    2. vr

    sich in eine Verkehrskolonne éínfädeln — to filter into a stream of traffic

    * * *
    ein|fä·deln
    [ˈainfɛ:dl̩n]
    I. vt
    1. (in etw fädeln)
    ▪ etw [in etw akk] \einfädeln to thread sth [through sth]
    eine Nadel \einfädeln to thread a needle
    einen Film \einfädeln to wind on a film
    ein Tonband \einfädeln to spool on a tape
    2. (fam: anbahnen)
    ▪ etw \einfädeln to engineer sth fig
    II. vi SKI to become entangled in a gate
    III. vr AUTO
    ▪ sich akk [in etw akk] \einfädeln to filter [or merge] in[to sth]
    * * *
    1.
    1) thread <needle, film, tape> (in + Akk. into); thread up < sewing machine>

    einen [neuen] Faden einfädeln — [re]thread the needle

    2) (ugs.): (geschickt einleiten) engineer <scheme, plot>

    das hat sie fein/schlau eingefädelt — she worked that nicely/craftily (coll.)

    2.
    reflexives Verb (Verkehrsw.) filter in

    sich in den fließenden Verkehr einfädeln — filter into the flow of traffic

    * * *
    einfädeln (trennb, hat -ge-)
    A. v/t
    1. (Nadel, Faden, Film etc) thread (
    in +akk into)
    2. fig geschickt: arrange, fix up, engineer; (tun) go about sth oder (+ger)
    alles geschickt einfädeln set things up well
    B. v/r AUTO merge, filter in;
    sich links/rechts einfädeln filter (US merge) left/right
    C. v/i Skislalom: straddle a gate
    * * *
    1.
    1) thread <needle, film, tape> (in + Akk. into); thread up < sewing machine>

    einen [neuen] Faden einfädeln — [re]thread the needle

    2) (ugs.): (geschickt einleiten) engineer <scheme, plot>

    das hat sie fein/schlau eingefädelt — she worked that nicely/craftily (coll.)

    2.
    reflexives Verb (Verkehrsw.) filter in
    * * *
    v.
    to arrange v.
    to contrive v.
    to thread v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > einfädeln

  • 4 інженер

    ч

    інженер відеомонтажу — video(-tape) editor, editor

    Українсько-англійський словник > інженер

  • 5 sonido

    m.
    sound.
    sonido vocálico vowel sound
    * * *
    1 sound
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    * * *
    masculino sound
    * * *
    = sound, ringing, audio, ring, bleeping sound, chime.
    Nota: De timbre, campana, reloj, móvil o similar.
    Ex. A carrier is a physical medium in which data, sound, images, etc., are stored.
    Ex. The mere ringing of the telephone and the necessary conversation on it create a considerable level of noise.
    Ex. There is also a further dilemma concerning formats such as film and audio which have tended to receive a lower profile in the library world (too awkward, too cluttered with copyright restrictions, too technically instable).
    Ex. Pricing is a difficult concept for librarians since we hear no clear ring of the cash register, but it is also problematic for retailers.
    Ex. At some pelican crossings there is a bleeping sound to indicate to blind or partially-sighted people when the steady green figure is showing.
    Ex. After hearing the chimes, dial your ten-digit customer identification number.
    ----
    * a la velocidad del sonido = at the speed of sound.
    * amplificador de sonido = audio amplifier.
    * barrera del sonido = sound barrier.
    * calidad del sonido = sound quality.
    * canal de sonido = sound channel.
    * cartucho de sonido = sound cartridge.
    * casete para grabación de sonido = sound cassette.
    * CD de sonido = audio CD, CD-audio.
    * cinta de sonido = tape, phonotape.
    * colección de sonido = sound collection.
    * emitir un sonido = emit + sound.
    * equipo de sonido = sound system, hi-fi system.
    * fichero de sonido = audio file, sound file.
    * fichero de sonido simultáneo = streaming audio.
    * gesticular palabras con la boca sin emitir sonido = mouth.
    * imágenes y sonidos = sights and sounds.
    * ingeniero de sonido = sound engineer.
    * romper la barrera del sonido = break + the sound barrier.
    * sintetizador de sonidos = sound synthesiser.
    * sistema de sonido cuadrafónico = quadrophonic system.
    * sonido alto = loud noise.
    * sonido cuadrofónico = surround sound.
    * sonido de llamada = ringtone.
    * sonido envolvente = surround sound.
    * sonido estéreo = stereo sound.
    * sonido estereofónico = stereo sound, stereophonic sound.
    * sonido silábico = syllabic sound.
    * sonido vocálico = vowel sound, vocalic sound, vowel-like sound.
    * tarjeta de sonido = sound card.
    * técnico de sonido = sound technician.
    * transposición de los sonidos = slip of the tongue, spoonerism.
    * velocidad del sonido, la = speed of sound, the.
    * vídeo con sonido = audio video.
    * * *
    masculino sound
    * * *
    = sound, ringing, audio, ring, bleeping sound, chime.
    Nota: De timbre, campana, reloj, móvil o similar.

    Ex: A carrier is a physical medium in which data, sound, images, etc., are stored.

    Ex: The mere ringing of the telephone and the necessary conversation on it create a considerable level of noise.
    Ex: There is also a further dilemma concerning formats such as film and audio which have tended to receive a lower profile in the library world (too awkward, too cluttered with copyright restrictions, too technically instable).
    Ex: Pricing is a difficult concept for librarians since we hear no clear ring of the cash register, but it is also problematic for retailers.
    Ex: At some pelican crossings there is a bleeping sound to indicate to blind or partially-sighted people when the steady green figure is showing.
    Ex: After hearing the chimes, dial your ten-digit customer identification number.
    * a la velocidad del sonido = at the speed of sound.
    * amplificador de sonido = audio amplifier.
    * barrera del sonido = sound barrier.
    * calidad del sonido = sound quality.
    * canal de sonido = sound channel.
    * cartucho de sonido = sound cartridge.
    * casete para grabación de sonido = sound cassette.
    * CD de sonido = audio CD, CD-audio.
    * cinta de sonido = tape, phonotape.
    * colección de sonido = sound collection.
    * emitir un sonido = emit + sound.
    * equipo de sonido = sound system, hi-fi system.
    * fichero de sonido = audio file, sound file.
    * fichero de sonido simultáneo = streaming audio.
    * gesticular palabras con la boca sin emitir sonido = mouth.
    * imágenes y sonidos = sights and sounds.
    * ingeniero de sonido = sound engineer.
    * romper la barrera del sonido = break + the sound barrier.
    * sintetizador de sonidos = sound synthesiser.
    * sistema de sonido cuadrafónico = quadrophonic system.
    * sonido alto = loud noise.
    * sonido cuadrofónico = surround sound.
    * sonido de llamada = ringtone.
    * sonido envolvente = surround sound.
    * sonido estéreo = stereo sound.
    * sonido estereofónico = stereo sound, stereophonic sound.
    * sonido silábico = syllabic sound.
    * sonido vocálico = vowel sound, vocalic sound, vowel-like sound.
    * tarjeta de sonido = sound card.
    * técnico de sonido = sound technician.
    * transposición de los sonidos = slip of the tongue, spoonerism.
    * velocidad del sonido, la = speed of sound, the.
    * vídeo con sonido = audio video.

    * * *
    sound
    Compuesto:
    quadraphonic sound
    * * *

     

    sonido sustantivo masculino
    sound
    sonido sustantivo masculino sound
    equipo de sonido, sound equipment
    ' sonido' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    aguda
    - agudo
    - alta
    - alto
    - barrera
    - bramido
    - chillón
    - chillona
    - conservar
    - continuamente
    - débil
    - deliciosa
    - delicioso
    - deslucir
    - digital
    - emitir
    - filtro
    - graznido
    - hueca
    - hueco
    - oír
    - paso
    - registrar
    - reproducción
    - reproducir
    - resonancia
    - risa
    - rumor
    - simular
    - son
    - sorda
    - sordo
    - suavizar
    - tarjeta
    - timbre
    - trallazo
    - traspasar
    - triquitraque
    - volumen
    - voz
    - agudeza
    - amortiguar
    - apagado
    - áspero
    - bip
    - claridad
    - claro
    - continuo
    - crac
    - debilitar
    English:
    absorb
    - amplify
    - audio
    - background
    - bang
    - boohoo
    - boom
    - brassy
    - burr
    - buzz
    - carry
    - chink
    - clang
    - clank
    - clash
    - click
    - come through
    - convey
    - crew
    - deaden
    - deepen
    - detect
    - die away
    - dull
    - emit
    - equalizer
    - fade
    - faint
    - harsh
    - hear
    - hi-fi
    - hollow
    - inarticulate
    - jangle
    - knock
    - mellow
    - mixer
    - muffle
    - muffled
    - muted
    - obtrusive
    - odd-sounding
    - penetrating
    - piercing
    - playback
    - pow
    - puff
    - record
    - recorded
    - ring
    * * *
    sonido nm
    sound
    * * *
    m sound
    * * *
    sonido nm
    : sound
    * * *
    sonido n sound

    Spanish-English dictionary > sonido

  • 6 Bain, Alexander

    [br]
    b. October 1810 Watten, Scotland
    d. 2 January 1877 Kirkintilloch, Scotland
    [br]
    Scottish inventor and entrepreneur who laid the foundations of electrical horology and designed an electromagnetic means of transmitting images (facsimile).
    [br]
    Alexander Bain was born into a crofting family in a remote part of Scotland. He was apprenticed to a watchmaker in Wick and during that time he was strongly influenced by a lecture on "Heat, sound and electricity" that he heard in nearby Thurso. This lecture induced him to take up a position in Clerkenwell in London, working as a journeyman clockmaker, where he was able to further his knowledge of electricity by attending lectures at the Adelaide Gallery and the Polytechnic Institution. His thoughts naturally turned to the application of electricity to clockmaking, and despite a bitter dispute with Charles Wheatstone over priority he was granted the first British patent for an electric clock. This patent, taken out on 11 January 1841, described a mechanism for an electric clock, in which an oscillating component of the clock operated a mechanical switch that initiated an electromagnetic pulse to maintain the regular, periodic motion. This principle was used in his master clock, produced in 1845. On 12 December of the same year, he patented a means of using electricity to control the operation of steam railway engines via a steam-valve. His earliest patent was particularly far-sighted and anticipated most of the developments in electrical horology that occurred during the nineteenth century. He proposed the use of electricity not only to drive clocks but also to distribute time over a distance by correcting the hands of mechanical clocks, synchronizing pendulums and using slave dials (here he was anticipated by Steinheil). However, he was less successful in putting these ideas into practice, and his electric clocks proved to be unreliable. Early electric clocks had two weaknesses: the battery; and the switching mechanism that fed the current to the electromagnets. Bain's earth battery, patented in 1843, overcame the first defect by providing a reasonably constant current to drive his clocks, but unlike Hipp he failed to produce a reliable switch.
    The application of Bain's numerous patents for electric telegraphy was more successful, and he derived most of his income from these. They included a patent of 12 December 1843 for a form of fax machine, a chemical telegraph that could be used for the transmission of text and of images (facsimile). At the receiver, signals were passed through a moving band of paper impregnated with a solution of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide. For text, Morse code signals were used, and because the system could respond to signals faster than those generated by hand, perforated paper tape was used to transmit the messages; in a trial between Paris and Lille, 282 words were transmitted in less than one minute. In 1865 the Abbé Caselli, a French engineer, introduced a commercial fax service between Paris and Lyons, based on Bain's device. Bain also used the idea of perforated tape to operate musical wind instruments automatically. Bain squandered a great deal of money on litigation, initially with Wheatstone and then with Morse in the USA. Although his inventions were acknowledged, Bain appears to have received no honours, but when towards the end of his life he fell upon hard times, influential persons in 1873 secured for him a Civil List Pension of £80 per annum and the Royal Society gave him £150.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    1841, British patent no. 8,783; 1843, British patent no. 9,745; 1845, British patent no.
    10,838; 1847, British patent no. 11,584; 1852, British patent no. 14,146 (all for electric clocks).
    1852, A Short History of the Electric Clocks with Explanation of Their Principles and
    Mechanism and Instruction for Their Management and Regulation, London; reprinted 1973, introd. W.Hackmann, London: Turner \& Devereux (as the title implies, this pamphlet was probably intended for the purchasers of his clocks).
    Further Reading
    The best account of Bain's life and work is in papers by C.A.Aked in Antiquarian Horology: "Electricity, magnetism and clocks" (1971) 7: 398–415; "Alexander Bain, the father of electrical horology" (1974) 9:51–63; "An early electric turret clock" (1975) 7:428–42. These papers were reprinted together (1976) in A Conspectus of Electrical Timekeeping, Monograph No. 12, Antiquarian Horological Society: Tilehurst.
    J.Finlaison, 1834, An Account of Some Remarkable Applications of the Electric Fluid to the Useful Arts by Alexander Bain, London (a contemporary account between Wheatstone and Bain over the invention of the electric clock).
    J.Munro, 1891, Heroes of the Telegraph, Religious Tract Society.
    J.Malster \& M.J.Bowden, 1976, "Facsimile. A Review", Radio \&Electronic Engineer 46:55.
    D.J.Weaver, 1982, Electrical Clocks and Watches, Newnes.
    T.Hunkin, 1993, "Just give me the fax", New Scientist (13 February):33–7 (provides details of Bain's and later fax devices).
    DV / KF

    Biographical history of technology > Bain, Alexander

  • 7 головка звукозаписи

    1. audio head
    2. sound head

    Русско-английский словарь по информационным технологиям > головка звукозаписи

  • 8 мерная цепь

    1) Geology: chain measure
    2) Naval: surveying chain
    4) Agriculture: pole chain
    5) Construction: Gunter's chain (длиной 19,8 м из 100 звеньев), band chain, chain (длиной 66 футов), engineer's chain (длиной в 30 м), measuring chain, chain (длиной 20 м со 100 звеньями)
    6) Geodesy: chain
    7) Mining: Gunter's chain (длиной 66 футов-20,1 м, состоящая из 100 звеньев)
    8) Cartography: chain tape

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > мерная цепь

  • 9 Haddy, Arthur Charles

    [br]
    b. 16 May 1906 Newbury, Berkshire, England
    d. December 1989
    [br]
    English electronics engineer who developed Full Frequency Range Recording for the Decca Record Company and was instrumental in the development of stereo records.
    [br]
    He developed recording equipment for. the Crystallate Gramophone Company, becoming Chief Recording Engineer at Decca when Crystallate was taken over. Eventually he was made Technical Director of Decca Record Company Ltd, a position he held until 1980. The developments of good cutterheads accelerated due to contract work for the armed services during the Second World War, because an extended frequency range was needed. This necessitated the solution of the problem of surface noise, and the result became known publicly as the ffrr system. The experience gained enabled Haddy to pioneer European Long Play recording. Haddy started development of a practical stereo record system within the Decca group, and for economic reasons he eventually chose a solution developed outside his direct surveillance by Teldec. The foresight of Decca made the company an equal partner in the standards discussions during the late 1950s, when it was decided to use the American 45/45 system, which utilized the two side walls of the groove. The same foresight had led Decca to record their repertoire in stereo from 1954 in order to prepare for any commercialized distribution system. In 1967 Haddy also became responsible for cassette manufacture, which meant organizing the logistics of a tape-duplication plant.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    OBE 1976.
    Bibliography
    Haddy's patents are a good description of some of his technical achievements; for example: UK patent no. 770,465 (greater playing time from a record by changing the groove pitch); UK patent no. 807,301 (using feedback to linearize a cutterhead); UK patent no. 810,106 (two-channel by simultaneous vertical and lateral modulation).
    Further Reading
    G.A.Briggs (ed.), 1961, Audio Biographies, Wharfedale Wireless Works, pp. 157–63. H.E.Roys, "The coming of stereo", Jour. AES 25 (10/11):824–7 (an appreciation of Haddy's role in the standardization of stereo recording).
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Haddy, Arthur Charles

  • 10 металлическая мерная лента длиной 150 м

    Forestry: engineer's tape

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > металлическая мерная лента длиной 150 м

  • 11 einfädeln

    ein|fä·deln [ʼainfɛ:dl̩n]
    vt
    etw [in etw akk] \einfädeln to thread sth [through sth];
    eine Nadel \einfädeln to thread a needle;
    einen Film \einfädeln to wind on a film;
    ein Tonband \einfädeln to spool on a tape
    2) (fam: anbahnen)
    etw \einfädeln to engineer sth ( fig)
    vi ski to become entangled in a gate
    vr auto
    sich [in etw akk] \einfädeln to filter [or merge] in[to sth]

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch für Studenten > einfädeln

  • 12 Messkette

    Messkette f VERM measuring chain, measurement chain, engineer’s chain, band chain, (land) chain, chain tape, surveyor’s chain

    Deutsch-Englisch Fachwörterbuch Architektur und Bauwesen > Messkette

  • 13 разработчик программного обеспечения

    1. software programmer
    2. software designer
    3. software engineer

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > разработчик программного обеспечения

  • 14 Dolby, Ray M.

    [br]
    b. 1933 Portland, Oregon, USA
    [br]
    American electronics engineer who developed professional systems for noise reduction.
    [br]
    He was employed by Ampex Corporation from 1949 to 1957 and received a BSc in electrical engineering from Stanford University in 1957. He studied in England and received a PhD in physics from Cambridge University in 1961. He was a United Nations adviser in India 1963–5 and established the Dolby Laboratories in London in 1965. The Dolby Laboratories continuously developed systems for background-noise reduction, and in 1966 introduced Dolby A for professional tape and film formats. In 1968 Dolby B was developed and quickly found its use in the Philips Compact Cassette, which had become the new consumer medium for music. In 1981 Dolby C was an improvement designed for the consumer market, but it also was used in professional video equipment. In 1986 Dolby SR was introduced for professional sound recording. It is a common feature that the equipment has to be in a good state of calibration in order to obtain the advantages of these compander systems.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    OBE 1986.
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Dolby, Ray M.

  • 15 Goldmark, Peter Carl

    [br]
    b. 2 December 1906 Budapest, Hungary
    d. 7 December 1977 Westchester Co., New York, USA
    [br]
    Austro-Hungarian engineer who developed the first commercial colour television system and the long-playing record.
    [br]
    After education in Hungary and a period as an assistant at the Technische Hochschule, Berlin, Goldmark moved to England, where he joined Pye of Cambridge and worked on an experimental thirty-line television system using a cathode ray tube (CRT) for the display. In 1936 he moved to the USA to work at Columbia Broadcasting Laboratories. There, with monochrome television based on the CRT virtually a practical proposition, he devoted his efforts to finding a way of producing colour TV images: in 1940 he gave his first demonstration of a working system. There then followed a series of experimental field-sequential colour TV systems based on segmented red, green and blue colour wheels and drums, where the problem was to find an acceptable compromise between bandwidth, resolution, colour flicker and colour-image breakup. Eventually he arrived at a system using a colour wheel in combination with a CRT containing a panchromatic phosphor screen, with a scanned raster of 405 lines and a primary colour rate of 144 fields per second. Despite the fact that the receivers were bulky, gave relatively poor, dim pictures and used standards totally incompatible with the existing 525-line, sixty fields per second interlaced monochrome (black and white) system, in 1950 the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), anxious to encourage postwar revival of the industry, authorized the system for public broadcasting. Within eighteen months, however, bowing to pressure from the remainder of the industry, which had formed its own National Television Systems Committee (NTSC) to develop a much more satisfactory, fully compatible system based on the RCA three-gun shadowmask CRT, the FCC withdrew its approval.
    While all this was going on, Goldmark had also been working on ideas for overcoming the poor reproduction, noise quality, short playing-time (about four minutes) and limited robustness and life of the long-established 78 rpm 12 in. (30 cm) diameter shellac gramophone record. The recent availability of a new, more robust, plastic material, vinyl, which had a lower surface noise, enabled him in 1948 to reduce the groove width some three times to 0.003 in. (0.0762 mm), use a more lightly loaded synthetic sapphire stylus and crystal transducer with improved performance, and reduce the turntable speed to 33 1/3 rpm, to give thirty minutes of high-quality music per side. This successful development soon led to the availability of stereophonic recordings, based on the ideas of Alan Blumlein at EMI in the 1930s.
    In 1950 Goldmark became a vice-president of CBS, but he still found time to develop a scan conversion system for relaying television pictures to Earth from the Lunar Orbiter spacecraft. He also almost brought to the market a domestic electronic video recorder (EVR) system based on the thermal distortion of plastic film by separate luminance and coded colour signals, but this was overtaken by the video cassette recorder (VCR) system, which uses magnetic tape.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Morris N.Liebmann Award 1945. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Vladimir K. Zworykin Award 1961.
    Bibliography
    1951, with J.W.Christensen and J.J.Reeves, "Colour television. USA Standard", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 39: 1,288 (describes the development and standards for the short-lived field-sequential colour TV standard).
    1949, with R.Snepvangers and W.S.Bachman, "The Columbia long-playing microgroove recording system", Proceedings of the Institute of Radio Engineers 37:923 (outlines the invention of the long-playing record).
    Further Reading
    E.W.Herold, 1976, "A history of colour television displays", Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers 64:1,331.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Goldmark, Peter Carl

  • 16 Judson, Whitcomb L.

    SUBJECT AREA: Textiles
    [br]
    fl. 1891–1905 USA
    [br]
    American inventor of the zip fastener.
    [br]
    Whitcomb Judson was a mechanical engineer by profession. He filed his first patent application for a zip fastener in 1891 and took out a fifth in 1905. His invention was originally designed for shoes and consisted of separate fasteners with two interlocking parts which could be fastened either by hand or by a movable guide. In his last patent, he clamped the fastening elements to the edge of a fabric tape and patented a machine for manufacturing this. Through an earlier exploit, the Judson Pneumatic Street Railway Company, Judson knew Colonel Lewis Walker, who helped him to organize the Universal Fastener Company of Chicago to manufacture these fasteners, which at first were made by hand. One machine invented by Judson proved to be too complicated, but Judson's later fasteners were easier to adapt to machine production. The original company was reorganized as the Automatic Hook and Eye Company of Hoboken, New Jersey, and the new fasteners were sold under the name "C-curity". However, the garment manufacturers would not use them at first because the fasteners had defects, such as springing open at unexpected moments. The Automatic Hook and Eye Company brought in Gideon Sundback, who improved Judson's work and made the zip fastener successful.
    [br]
    Further Reading
    J.Jewkes, D.Sawyers and R.Stillerman, 1969, The Sources of Invention, 2nd edn, London (for an account of the invention).
    I.McNeil (ed.), 1990, An Encyclopaedia of the History of Technology, London: Routledge, pp. 852–3 (provides a brief account of fastenings).
    RLH

    Biographical history of technology > Judson, Whitcomb L.

  • 17 Keller, Arthur

    [br]
    b. 18 August 1901 New York City, New York, USA d. 1983
    [br]
    American engineer and developer of telephone switching equipment who was instrumental in the development of electromechanical recording and stereo techniques.
    [br]
    He obtained a BSc in electrical engineering at Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art, New York, in 1923 and an MSc from Yale University, and he did postgraduate work at Columbia University. Most of the time he was also on the staff of the Bell Telephone Laboratories. The Bell Laboratories and its predecessors had a long tradition in research in speech and hearing, and in a team of researchers under H.C. Harrison, Keller developed a number of definite improvements in electrical pick-ups, gold-sputtering for matrix work and electrical disc recording equipment. From 1931 onwards the team at Bell Labs developed disc recording for moving pictures and entered into collaboration with Leopold Stokowski and the Philadelphia Orchestra concerning transmission and recording of high-fidelity sound over wires, and stereo techniques. Keller developed a stereo recording system for disc records independently of A.D. Blumlein that was used experimentally in the Bell Labs during the 1930s. During the Second World War Keller was in a team developing sonar (sound navigation and ranging) for the US Navy. After the war he concentrated on switching equipment for telephone exchanges and developed a miniature relay. In 1966 he retired from the Bell Laboratories, where he had been Director of several departments, ending as Director of the Switching Apparatus Laboratory. After retirement he was a consultant internationally, concerning electromechanical devices in particular. When, in 1980, the Bell Laboratories decided to issue LP re-recordings of a number of the experimental records made during the 1930s, Keller was brought in from retirement to supervise the project and decide on the selections.
    [br]
    Bibliography
    Keller was inventor or co-inventor of forty patents, including: US patent no. 2,114,471 (the principles of stereo disc recording); US patent no. 2,612,586 (tape guides with air lubrication); US patent no. 3,366,901 (a miniature crossbar switch).
    Apart from a large number of highly technical papers, Keller also wrote the article "Phonograph" in the 1950 and 1957 editions of Encyclopaedia Britannica.
    1986, Reflections of a Stereo Pioneer, San Francisco: San Francisco Press (an honest, personal account).
    GB-N

    Biographical history of technology > Keller, Arthur

  • 18 Zuse, Konrad

    [br]
    b. 22 June 1910 Berlin, Germany
    [br]
    German civil engineer who developed a series of computers before, during and after the Second World War.
    [br]
    Zuse grew up in Braunsberg, then in East Prussia, and attended the Technische Hochschule at Berlin-Charlottenburg to study civil engineering. In 1934 he became interested in calculatingmachines and the pursuit of a career in aeronautical engineering. Two years later, having taken a post as a statistician, in his spare time he built a mechanical computer, which he called Z1; for this he used two-state mechanical switches and punched-tape for the program input. This was followed by the design for Z2, which used electromechanical relays.
    Called to military service in 1939, he was soon sent to the Henschel aircraft factory, where he completed Z2. Between 1939 and 1941 the German Aeronautical Research Institute supported his development of Z3, which used 2,600 relays and a keyboard input. Taken into immediate use by the aircraft industry, both it and its predecessors were destroyed in air raids. Z4, completed towards the end of the war and using mechanical memory, survived, and with improvements was used in Switzerland until 1960. Other achievements by Zuse included a machine to perform logical calculations (LI) and his Plankalkul, one of the first computer languages. In 1950, with two friends, he formed the Zuse KG company near Bad Hersfeld, Essen, and his first Z5 relay computer was sold to Leitz in 1952. A series of machines followed, a milestone in 1958 being the first transistorized machine, Z22, of which over 200 were made. Finally, in 1969, the company was absorbed by Siemens AG and Zuse returned to scientific research.
    [br]
    Principal Honours and Distinctions
    Honorary Doctorate Berlin Technical University 1960. Honorary Professor Göttingen University 1960.
    Bibliography
    11 April 1936, German patent no. Z23 1391X/42M. 16 June 1941, German patent no. Z391.
    1 August 1949, German patent no. 50,746.
    1993, The Computer: My Life, Berlin: SpringerVerlag (autobiography).
    Further Reading
    P.E.Ceruzzi, 1981, "The early computers of Konrad Zuse 1935–45", Annals of the History of Computing 3:241.
    M.R.Williams, 1985, A History of Computing Technology, London: Prentice-Hall.
    KF

    Biographical history of technology > Zuse, Konrad

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